Do fear and perceived knowledge of Covid-19 drive sustainable consumption behaviour in Muslims? The mediating role of religiosity

PurposeThis research aims to investigate the impact of fear and perceived knowledge (PK) of Covid-19 on the sustainable consumption behaviour (SCB) of Muslim consumers and to test the mediating role of (intrinsic) religiosity.Design/methodology/approachA total of 417 responses were collected during Covid-19 lockdown through an online structured survey using the snowball technique. A two-step research approach was adopted. In Study 1, an exploratory factor analysis was performed on the SCB measurement scale through SPSS. In Study 2, hypothesised associations were analysed using SmartPLS-SEM.FindingsPK of Covid-19 pandemic directly motivates SCB in Muslim consumers, whereas fear has no direct effect on any factor of SCB. Religiosity is found to be a significant driver of SCB. Indirect effects also depict that religiosity positively mediates the association between fear and SCB as well as PK and SCB.Practical implicationsThe study may guide policymakers and marketers in using the current pandemic as a tool to inspire sustainable consumption. Religious values, teachings and knowledge about the pandemics can be publicised to create awareness and induce desired behaviour to cope with adverse events and adopt sustainable consumption patterns and lifestyles among Muslim consumers.Originality/valueThe article is the pioneer of its kind to present survey research about Covid-19 fear and PK's impact on SCB through religiosity. It adds to the Islamic marketing literature about religiosity, coping theory, PK and fear of pandemics and their role in transitioning Muslim consumers towards SCB. Moreover, the use of partial least squares structural equation modelling in the context of Covid-19 research was extended.

Fear of COVID-19 among patients with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection: A cross-sectional study in Estonian family practices.

BACKGROUND: Fear of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been associated with significant health effects. OBJECTIVES: To assess COVID-19 fear and investigate factors associated with higher fear among COVID-19 survivors over 6 months after infection. METHODS: Cross-sectional study using multistage sampling (family practices within the highest 5th percentile of numbers of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients and random sample of patients within these practices) performed from March 15 to 17 July 2021. Adult patients with a laboratory-confirmed history of COVID-19 were recruited for a self-administered 79-item questionnaire including demographics, self-rated health, physical activity, COVID-19 characteristics, severity and the fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S). Comorbidity data were extracted from Estonian Health Insurance Fund. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate factors associated with COVID-19 fear. RESULTS: Of 341 participants included, 60% were women, 24.2% were hospitalised due to COVID-19 and 22.2% had long COVID, 143 (42%) participants reported high levels of fear (cut-off FCV-19S >17.8). Higher fear was associated with being female (aOR 2.12, 95% CI 1.14-3.95), age ≥61 years (aOR 3.23, 95% CI 1.28-8.16), two-member-households (aOR 3.70, 95% CI 1.40-9.77) physical inactivity 6 months prior to COVID-19 (aOR 3.53, 95% CI 1.26-9.95), and symptom severity during acute COVID-19. Long COVID was not associated with higher COVID-19 fear (aOR 1.82 95% CI 0.91-3.63). CONCLUSION: Almost half of participants reported COVID-19 fear more than 6 months after infection. Greater fear was associated with sociodemographic factors, physical activity prior to COVID-19 and COVID-19 symptom severity. There is a need to target this population to develop appropriate interventions.

Fear of COVID and Physical Health Among People Living with HIV in China: Mediation Effects of HIV Stigma, Social Support, and Substance Use.

The COVID-19 pandemic has uniquely impacted people living with HIV (PLWH) worldwide. The negative impacts on PLWH's mental health from fear of COVID-19 are labeled as "a double stress." The association between fear of COVID-19 and HIV (internalized) stigma has been found among PLWH. Studies that explore the relationships between fear of COVID-19 and physical health outcomes are few, especially among PLWH. In this study, we explored the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and physical health among PLWH and the mediated effects of HIV stigma, social support, and substance use. A cross-sectional online survey of PLWH (n = 201) from November 2021 to May 2022 was carried out in Shanghai, China. The data on socio-demographics, fear of COVID-19, physical health, HIV-related perceived stigma, social support, and substance use were gathered and analyzed by structure equation modeling (SEM). In SEM analysis, fear of COVID-19 showed a significant and indirect effect on physical health (ß=-0.085) which was primarily mediated by HIV stigma. In SEM analysis, the final model had a good fit. Fear of COVID-19 showed a significant effect on HIV stigma (ß = 0.223) with the majority being direct effects (ß = 0.262) and a small indirect effect via substance use (ß=-0.039). Furthermore, HIV stigma showed a significant effect on physical health (ß=-0.382), the majority of which was direct (ß=-0.340), and a small indirect effect via social support (ß=-0.042). This is one of the first studies to explore how fear of contracting COVID-19 can affect PLWH's coping behaviors (e.g., using substances and obtaining social support) used to combat HIV stigma as well as to achieve better physical health in China.

Using theory of mind to understand the impact of Covid-19 fear on healthcare workers' withdrawal intentions

PurposeHealthcare workers' (HCWs') job-related high exposure to Covid-19 virus arouses fear of Covid-19 among them. Based on the Theory of Mind (ToM), the study predicts that fears will lead to negative psychological (psychological distress) and behavioral (withdrawal intentions) outcomes. ToM is also used to identify social intelligence as a means to counter fear of Covid-19 on heightened psychological distress and increased withdrawal intentions.Design/methodology/approachTo investigate the study design, a sample of 262 HCWs, including doctors, nurses and technicians, were surveyed using standardized questionnaires.FindingsAs predicted, Covid-19 fear led to increased withdrawal intentions with heightened psychological distress partially mediating the relationship. The alleviating role of social intelligence on the effects of Covid-19 was supported as high social intelligence reduced HCWs' turnover intentions, with decreased psychological distress partially mediating the relationship.Originality/valueGiven the universality of the Theory of Mind (ToM), the findings of this study are likely to be generalizable to all pandemics. The study results support the increased application of ToM in organizational settings and have both theoretical and practical implications for health administrators. Based on study results, health administrators are exhorted to develop ToM-based mental models to understand and deal with the fear of contagious diseases. Health administrators can also increase HCWs' social intelligence to deal with the negative perceptual and behavioral outcomes arising from the emotions aroused by the nature of their work.

MODELLING M-COMMERCE ADOPTION AMONG GENERATION Z IN THE PANDEMIC CONTEXT

The development of online technologies and mobile apps have transformed the ways in which consumers buy and/or sell. Recently, the coronavirus pandemic has increased the usage of e-commerce and m-commerce around the world. Therefore, this study aims to investigate what drives mobile shopping apps adoption by generation Z during the pandemic. Drawing on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), this quantitative research shows that fear of COVID-19 exerted a positive effect on perceived usefulness of mobile apps. Furthermore, the perceived safety of mobile apps has a positive effect on perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. Perceived usefulness has a direct influence on the intention to use mobile apps, and both a fear of COVID-19 and perceived safety have strong indirect effects on the intention to use an app. It can be argued that the research results are relevant from both theoretical and practical perspectives taking into consideration the development of m-commerce in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. © 2023, Bucharest University of Economic Studies. All rights reserved.

An Investigation of the Effect of COVID-19 on OCD in Youth in the Context of Emotional Reactivity, Experiential Avoidance, Depression and Anxiety.

In addition to the serious physical and medical effects on individuals, the COVID-19 pandemic is likely to have short- and long-term psycho-social consequences, especially for young people. Nowadays, with psychological problems becoming more widely recognized in adolescents, it is possible that the fear and anxiety caused by the pandemic will trigger various anxiety disorders, OCD and similar negative outcomes. Considering that psychological qualities such as emotional reactivity and experiential avoidance observed in adolescents may increase the risk of such psycho-social disorders, in this study the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and OCD was investigated in a Turkish sample of 598 adolescents, and the mediating role of emotional reactivity, experiential avoidance and depression-anxiety in this relationship was examined. The data collection was performed online rather than in person because of the COVID-19 threat. A structural equation model was used to determine the direct and indirect predictive effects between variables in data analysis. The results of the study show that the effect of COVID-19 fear on OCD is mediated by emotional reactivity, experiential avoidance and depression-anxiety.

COVID-19 Phobia among Korean, Chinese, and Japanese students: An international comparative study.

This study aimed to identify the characteristic differences and potential contributing factors of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) phobia between undergraduate and graduate students in Korea, Japan, and China. We used the online survey tool, we retained 460 responses from Korea, 248 responses from Japan, and 788 responses from China for analysis. We performed the statistical analysis; ANOVA F-test and Multiple linear regression. We visualized the results of these calculations using GraphPad PRISM 9. The mean COVID-19 phobia score was highest in Japan at 50.5 points. Psychological fear was identically prevalent in Japan and China, at an average of 17.3 points. Psychosomatic fear was highest in Japan at 9.2 points. Further, economic fear was highest in Korea at 13 points, whereas social fear was highest in China at 13.1 points. In Korea, COVID-19 phobia scores were significantly higher among women than in men. In Japan, COVID-19 phobia scores were significantly higher in individuals who complied with social distancing mandates. In China, a lack of previous experience with self-administered testing kits was associated with significantly lower phobia scores. Individuals who were avoiding crowded places had significantly higher scores in 3 countries. This implies that the students knew that it was necessary to comply with COVID-19 preventive behaviors to prevent infections. The findings of this study could be used as a reference when establishing an approach strategy to reduce COVID-19 phobia among Chinese, Japanese, and Korean students.

Psychometric Validation of the Bangla Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Rasch Analysis.

The recently developed Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) is a seven-item uni-dimensional scale that assesses the severity of fears of COVID-19. Given the rapid increase of COVID-19 cases in Bangladesh, we aimed to translate and validate the FCV-19S in Bangla. The forward-backward translation method was used to translate the English version of the questionnaire into Bangla. The reliability and validity properties of the Bangla FCV-19S were rigorously psychometrically evaluated (utilizing both confirmatory factor analysis and Rasch analysis) in relation to socio-demographic variables, national lockdown variables, and response to the Bangla Health Patient Questionnaire. The sample comprised 8550 Bangladeshi participants. The Cronbach α value for the Bangla FCV-19S was 0.871 indicating very good internal reliability. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis showed that the uni-dimensional factor structure of the FCV-19S fitted well with the data. The FCV-19S was significantly correlated with the nine-item Bangla Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-90) (r = 0.406, p < 0.001). FCV-19S scores were significantly associated with higher worries concerning lockdown. Measurement invariance of the FCV-19S showed no differences with respect to age or gender. The Bangla version of FCV-19S is a valid and reliable tool with robust psychometric properties which will be useful for researchers carrying out studies among the Bangla speaking population in assessing the psychological impact of fear from COVID-19 infection during this pandemic.

Impact Analysis Of Fear, Knowledge, And Attitudes On Purchase Behavior Of Nutritional Supplements Before And After COVID19: A Cross-Sectional Study In Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, India

Nutritional supplements are essential driver not only for normal growth but also to boost immunity to fight against infection. Fear and lack of proper treatment for COVID19 have created many concerns worldwide, which has given rise to finding alternative options for prevention and ways to build immunity. Consumption of dietary supplements, herbal extracts, and other natural products has increased remarkably to improve immunity. People's belief systems have changed towards consuming supplements before and during COVID-19. The influence of social media and the other related sources on the internet were the primary sources of motivation for purchasing accessories. Though there is not enough scientific data to establish the role of dietary supplements and the prevention of COVID19, the sales of the DS have dynamically increased. The present study examines the consumer knowledge, fear, and attitude toward the purchase behaviour of supplements before and during COVID 19. The cross-sectional study was conducted in the Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh, India. A total of 214 individuals in the age group above thirty participated in the study. Patients visiting the hospital patient department participated in the study. The questionnaire was divided into two sections. The first section contains general information like age and demographics, and the second questions about purchasing behaviour. Behaviours were analyzed with SPSS AMOS, SEM analysis, and factor analysis. The results indicate a meaningful relationship between supplement purchase and fear, attitude, and immune-building stress. Most of the respondents consumed supplements during COVID 19. It was attributed to worry and to building immunityCopyright © 2023, Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences.All Rights Reserved.

Relation Between Consumption and Fear of Covid-19: a Brazilian Post-Vaccine Perspective

Seventeen months after the decree of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is a different panorama about the influence of the new Coronavirus and its influence on social and consumption behavior. Thus, this study aims to verify changes in the feeling of fear of COVID-19 and in consumer relations, comparing the results of this research with those of others carried out at the beginning of the pandemic. For this research, a self-administered electronic questionnaire was answered by 246 online shoppers. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and a correlation matrix. The results showed an increase in purchases in virtual stores and local markets, but they have not proven to stock food and products for daily use, contrary to the literature. The survey also found behavioral differences between respondents up to 38 years old (among whom there was a strong perception of fear and intense nervousness with news related to COVID-19) and participants over this age (among whom there was annoyance with the pandemic, but a low sense of fear. Since we conducted this study 17 months after the declaration of the pandemic, our results reflect not only how the fear of COVID-19 changed consumer behavior but also how it varied amidst a more optimistic scenario resembling pre-pandemic scenarios. As suggestions for future studies, we highlight the analysis of the role of moderators such as gender and age. © 2023 Universia. All rights reserved.

Knowledge, Anxiety, and Fear of the Unknown Among Pregnant Women During COVID-19 Pandemic

Background: This study aimed to determine pregnant women's knowledge about COVID-19 and their anxiety and fear of the unknown. Methods: This online cross-sectional study was conducted in March and April 2020 on Iranian pregnant women visiting comprehensive healthcare centers affiliated with the Gonabad University of Medical Sciences. Participants were selected using a stratified random sampling strategy among pregnant women who agreed to participate, had a Telegram or WhatsApp account or phone number, and had no history of pregnancy complications. A demographic questionnaire, Spielberger's state-trait anxiety inventory, fearing the unknown questionnaire, and an uncertainty scale was used to collect data. Data were analyzed using simple and multiple linear regression models using SPSS software, version 16. Results: A total of 190 pregnant women were included in the analysis. The Mean±SD for knowledge of COVID-19 was 8.82±1.72. The knowledge of 71.1% of participants was moderate. The Mean±SD for fearing the unknown was 36.2±9.1. The Mean±SD for the state anxiety about COVID-19 incidence in pregnant women was 47.6±10.2. The results showed that 65.3% of the participants had a moderate level of anxiety. Multiple regression analysis showed an increase of 0.16 (P=0.029) in the fearing the unknown score for each week of increase in the gestational age. Similarly, the anxiety increased by 0.56 (P<0.001) for each unit of increase in fearing the unknown. Moreover, the results showed that the anxiety of people using Telegram or WhatsApp was 3.44 units more than others (P<0.018) Conclusion: The findings showed that the pregnant women's knowledge was moderate at the time of research. However, with increasing gestational age, fear of the unknown, and sources of knowledge were associated with anxiety. This points to the essentiality of increasing supportive programs and it is required to screen pregnant women to prevent the adverse effects of anxiety. © 2022, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved.

The Role of Spiritual Well-being in Predicting Fear of COVID-19 Qmong Community-dwelling Older Adults in Iran

Objectives Fear is one of the most frequent feelings associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Older people are at risk for severe COVID-19 infection. Spiritual well-being can play an important role in patients' coping and adaptation to stressful conditions. The present study aims to determine the role of spiritual well-being in predicting fear of COVID-19 among older adults in Qazvin, Iran. Methods & Materials This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 community-dwelling older adults in Qazvin, Iran in 2021 who were selected using a cluster sampling method from public places in three urban areas. Data were collected using a demographic checklist, the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, and Paloutzian and Ellison's Spiritual well-being scale. A multivariate regression model was used to determine the predictors of fear of COVID-19. Results The mean age of participants was 69.70±6.99 years. Their fear of COVID-19 was at a high level (Mean±SD=22±8.82). The results of regression analysis showed that sex (β=0.186, P=0.001), history of hypertension (β=0.130, P=0.006), history of diabetes (β=0.097, P=0.037), history of stroke (β=0.091, P=0.048), educational level (β=-0.142, P=0.007), economic status (β=0.145, P=0.007), and spiritual wellbeing (β=-0.117, P=0.013) were the predictors of fear of COVID-19. Conclusion Spiritual well-being, as well as educational level, history of chronic diseases, and economic status have a role in predicting the fear of COVID-19 in older adults. Therefore, the implementation of spirituality-related care programs can be useful for reducing the fear and anxiety of older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic © 2022, Iranian Journal of Ageing.All Rights Reserved.

Factors Associated with Nurses' Fears in Caring for Patients with COVID-19

Background: Nurses face a high risk of experiencing excessive fear while caring for patients with COVID-19. However, to our knowledge, no study has yet explored the factors associated with nurses' fears when caring for patients with COVID-19. Aim: The present study aimed to analyze the factors associated with nurses' fears when caring for COVID-19 patients in Indonesia. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 591 nurses caring for COVID-19 patients. The nurses were recruited from 26 provinces in Indonesia using a purposive sampling method in April 2020. The instruments consisted of a sociodemographic characteristics form and a valid instrument to explore nurses' fears. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 23). Results: In total, 86.8% of the nurses felt fear when caring for COVID-19 patients. Moreover, despite using personal protective equipment, 83.8% of participants answered that they feared getting infected with the virus while caring for patients, and 87.5% of the participants feared that their families might become infected with the virus. Among the nurses who cared for COVID-19 patients, 91.2% feared they might pass the disease on to their families at home. Age, marital status, infection prevention control training, and nurses' education level were significantly related to nurses' fears (P<0.05, CI 95%). Implications for Practice: The excessive fear in nurses who care for COVID-19 patients is a major issue for nursing managers. Provision of viral transmission prevention and control programs, self-esteem improvement activities, and having pandemic course subjects in the nursing education curricula can help nurses become more aware and ready to face a pandemic. © 2022 Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved.

Coping mechanisms as a predictor of fear of COVID-19 and quality of life: A Malaysian nationwide survey

Objective: The COVID-19 is a major health crisis that has changed the life of millions globally. The purpose of this study was to assess the coping mechanism among the general population of Malaysia as well as its possible correlates such as Fear of COVID-19, quality of life (QOL) and associated sociodemographic background. Methods: This is an online cross-sectional study involving a total of 4904 adults across Malaysia from June to December 2021. Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced was used to measure coping mechanisms, while the level of fear toward COVID-19 was assessed by fear of COVID-19 scale. QOL was measured by WHOQOL-BREF. Results: Sociodemographic data shows that 59.1% of Malaysians report an overall reduced QOL during the COVID-19 pandemic. 32% of respondents were unemployed during the pandemic and 18% of respondents were working from home. 71% of respondents had at least one or more encounter with COVID-19. We find that problem focused coping mechanism may be effective in face of COVID-19, both, in reducing overall fear toward COVID-19 and improving QOL, while emotional and avoidance coping mechanism has a negative correlation. Other socioeconomic factors such as age, gender, levels of education, income, and employment have a significant positive correlation with QOL and a negative correlation with Fear of COVID-19. Another factor which affects QOL is work from home which has a negative correlation. Conclusion: Based on study findings, problem based coping mechanism is beneficial to reduce Fear of COVID-19 and improve QOL.

The effect of COVID-19 infection in pregnancy on childbirth fear and prenatal attachment level in pregnant women: A survey study

Aim: Fear of childbirth is an emotional stress that affects the mental health and well-being of mothers during pregnancy. The aim of the present study was to compare the prenatal attachment, childbirth fear and hopelessness levels of pregnant women who had and did not have COVID-19 infection during pregnancy. Material(s) and Method(s): This prospective questionnaire study was conducted with participants between the ages of 18 and 40 who had 20 or more gestational weeks. Two groups were formed as follows: Group 1: Participants who had COVID-19 infection, and Group 2: Participants who did not have COVID-19 infection during pregnancy. Patients in both groups were given questionnaires using Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire, Prenatal Attachment Inventory and Beck Hopelessness Scale, and the results were recorded. Result(s): Childbirth fear and Beck Hopelessness Scale scores were higher in Group 1 than in Group 2 (p < 0.001 and p = 0.023, respectively). The Prenatal Attachment Inventory scale score of Group 2 was higher than that of Group 1 (p = 0.001). A negative correlation was observed between childbirth fear and prenatal attachment scores (p = 0.012, r=-0.250). There was a negative correlation between the Beck Hopelessness Scale score and Prenatal Attachment Inventory scores (p < 0.001, r=-0.416). Discussion(s): Covid-19 infection during pregnancy increased the childbirth fear and hopelessness levels in pregnant women while reducing the prenatal attachment level. Pregnant women should be informed about prevention methods against COVID-19 infection and necessary measures should be taken.Copyright © 2022, Derman Medical Publishing. All rights reserved.

The Effect of COVID-19 Fear on Individuals' Attitudes to Vaccines

Background: The psychological effects of the Covid-19 disease continue. Fear of the disease affects individuals' attitudes towards Covid-19 vaccines. Objectives: To determine the effect of fear of Covid-19 on individuals' attitudes towards the Covid-19 vaccine. Methods: It is a descriptive type of research from quantitative research methods. The data of the study were collected online between 1 July and 31 August 2021 using the snowball sampling technique. The sample of the study consisted of 221 people who accepted to participate in the study voluntarily and filled out the form completely within the specified period. Data collection tools are "Participant Information Form”, "Covid-19 Fear Scale” and "Attitudes towards Covid-19 Vaccine Scale”. Results: The mean score of the individuals participating in the study on the Covid-19 fear scale was 17.84 ± 6.65;Positive attitude towards the Covid-19 vaccine sub-dimension mean score was 3.79 ± 1.12;The mean score of the negative attitude sub-dimension towards the Covid-19 vaccine was determined as 3.57 ± 1.23, a positive, significant (r =.28;p =.000) relationship was found between the variables of fear of Covid-19 and positive attitude towards the Covid-19 vaccine. In addition, it was observed that fear of Covid-19 had a significant effect on the level of positive attitude towards the Covid-19 vaccine (t = 4.396;p =.000). Conclusion: Fear of Covid-19 has positively affected individuals' attitudes towards the Covid-19 vaccine. © 2023, Dokuz Eylul University. All rights reserved.

Fear and Anxiety Caused by COVID-19 in the Iranian Society and the Influential Factors

Background: Due to the changing nature of the spread of emerging infectious diseases, such crises could cause significant fear, especially when the disease is associated with high mortality. Fear and anxiety adversely affect health. Objective(s): The present study aimed to investigate the fear and anxiety caused by COVID-19 in the Iranian society and the influential factors in this regard. Method(s): This correlational study was conducted on 458 participants who were recruited for an online survey. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire of COVID-19 fear and Beck's anxiety inventory. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 23 using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics, including t-test and multiple comparisons. Result(s): The prevalence of fear and anxiety was less than 20%. The correlations between the anxiety scores and fear of COVID-19 with demographic variables indicated that the COVID-19 fear scores had a weak correlation with an appeal to religion and efforts to prevent COVID-19 (P_0.05), while no correlation was observed with the other variables. In addition, the anxiety scores had weak, inverse correlations with the effort to prevent COVID-19 and satisfaction with the government's effort (P_0.05). Conclusion(s): According to the results, the fear of COVID-19 and the subsequent anxiety is mild in the Iranian society. Low anxiety and fear caused by the disease could lead to negligence and disregarding health standards, which will increase the number of these patients in the community.Copyright © 2021, Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences.

Suboptimal health status, COVID-19 psychology, and cultural value impact on post-pandemic outbound travel

Suboptimal health has become a core public health challenge, especially during the pandemic. This study adopts an interdisciplinary perspective to examine the relationships between suboptimal health status, COVID-19 fear and stress, cultural values, and outbound travel. A theoretical model was evaluated using data from 800 Beijing residents, 439 of whom were in suboptimal health. Four dimensions of suboptimal health (fatigue, mental status, immune system, and cardiovascular system) significantly affected COVID-19 stress and fear. Post-pandemic travel intention was positively related to fatigue symptoms and leisure and life enjoyment but negatively associated with COVID-19 stress. Suggestions for highlighting travellers' health status and promoting holistic health through post-pandemic travel are provided. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Fear and the COVID-19 rally round the flag: a panel study on political trust

The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic boosted political trust in many countries. This article tests the relevance of fear of infection as the micro-level mechanism behind this rally round the flag. This study employs three-wave panel data in the Netherlands, collected days before the first lockdown (early March 2020), during that lockdown (April/May 2020), and after that lockdown (October 2020). Growth curve models isolate the rally effect and its determinants. The article reaches three main conclusions. First, fear of infection is a constituting element of the rally effect: the rise in political trust is more pronounced among people who fear infection. Second, the rise occurs in response to the direct, external threat (health concerns), not in response to the secondary threats (social isolation, economic stagnation). Third, adherents of the radical right are particularly sensitive to the external threat, but only in the short run. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Locked, Stocked, and Charmin: Sources of White Americans' Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic

In March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in an unprecedented number of people purchasing firearms/ammunition. However, this was not the only way Americans responded to the pandemic: large swaths of the public also stayed at home and stockpiled goods. Twelve months later, as the pandemic raged, these coping mechanisms were still present as Americans continued to buy guns/ammunition, limit social interactions, and hoard supplies. Using two nationwide surveys conducted one year apart, we examine the extent and sources of gun/ammunition purchasing compared to staying home and panic buying during this unique moment in American history. Results from both surveys indicate that the factors that led to these divergent coping mechanisms vary. Both at the beginning of the pandemic and one year later, the likelihood of purchasing a firearm/ammunition was associated low self-control and White nationalism. Conversely, fear of the virus was associated with people staying home and amassing supplies. © 2023 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.